Current Status of the Use of Drones in Education in Croatia

Use of drones considerably rises which includes the education, both by the drones and about drones. We analyse the current use of drones in education in Croatia and provide predictions for its future development. We collected corresponding data using available internet sources. The analysis of the collected data indicates a systematic approach to the inclusion of drones in education. There are two directions of growth in the use of drones, the first leads to an increase in the number of drones in a particular institution and the second leads to an increase in the number of institutions that use drones in education. This article presents an insight into the current use of drones as part of education in Croatia

Conceptual Approach to Utilisation of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Diverse Activities

This paper considers current situation and development of software for group of mobile agents applicable on group of unmanned aerial vehicles. Generally, unmanned aerial vehicles are used for transfer of information, mass and energy and their group work enhances their success rate in comparison with the success rate of the use of a single unmanned aerial vehicle. Despite the constant daily use, their potential is realized only in a small portion. It is argued that software development is the natural further step in achieving considerably larger portion of realizations of their potential of groups of unmanned aerial vehicles. Starting requirements that such software must fulfill are rudimentariness of the code, openness regarding number of group members and closeness regarding information exchange. Prospective directions of development of that software are analyzed

Razvoj metode za procjenu robusnosti i sposobnosti djelovanja sustava autonomnih agenata

Uporaba sustava autonomnih agenata uključuje brojne primjene u širokom spektru aktivnosti u kojima se nastoji izbjeći prisustvo ljudi. Pri tom je sustav cjelina složena od elemenata međusobno vezanih relacijama, koji ima određenu funkciju u okolini s kojom povezano mijenja iznose atributa. Element sustava je funkcionalno nedjeljiva cjelina. Kao takav može se sastojati od jednog ili više objekata opisanih unutarnjim relacijama. Pojedini element sustava karakteriziraju mjerljiva svojstva iskazana atributima. Relacija među elementima je kauzalnošću povezana promjena atributa. Ona se očituje tokom mase, energije i/ili informacije. Funkcija sustava je karakterističan/izdvojen način djelovanja sustava u okolini. Okolina je cjelina u fizičkom ili drugačije definiranom prostoru. Dijelovi okoline nisu uključeni u dijelove sustava. Atribut je mjerljivo svojstvo elementa sustava ili okoline. Može biti promjenjivo ili nepromjenjivo. Autonomni agenti su objekti koji samostalno i bez ljudske intervencije izvršavaju postavljeni zadatak uz određene moguće modifikacije i izvještavaju o tijeku djelovanja. Primjeri autonomnih agenata su atomi, molekule, zupčanici, spojnice, ljudi, životinje, virusi, kemijski elementi, strojevi, vozila, letjelice objekti, elektroni, protoni, neutroni, neuroni, trombociti, leukociti, krv, ljudski ili životinjski organi i drugo. U djelatnosti koje autonomni agenti obavljaju ulaze aktivnosti koje se smatra opasnim po ljude, iscrpljujućim ili dosadnim. Primjeri primjene autonomnih agenata su transport robe i ljudi između više lokacija, beskontaktna i nerazorna pretraga područja, praćenje prirodnih pojava, podvodna istraživanja, kontrola prometa, implementacija komunikacijskih mreža u nepovoljnim okruženjima i drugo. Težište ovog rada postavljeno je na prijenos tereta sustavom bespilotnih letjelica. Analiza problema provedena je na sustavu dvije identične letjelice koje prenose ovješeni teret. Za tako postavljeni sustav numeričkim simulacijama analizirane su nekoliko kvalitativno različite mogućnosti izvedbi sustava. Ovim radom prikazana su tri karakteristična slučaja prijenosa tereta. Prvi slučaj je prijenos relativno teškog tereta laganim letjelicama. Drugi slučaj je prijenos tereta mase usporedive s masom letjelica. Treći slučaj je prijenos relativno laganog tereta letjelicama identičnih masa. Svi navedeni slučajevi promatrani su za različite operativne režime rada sustava, odnosno za različite režime leta. Osim utjecaja mase tereta na sustav analizirano je i kako načini upravljanja djeluju na mogućnost izvršenja postavljenog zadatka, odnosno na sposobnost sustava za prijenos tereta. Sustav je analiziran u nekarakteriziranoj okolini. Sukladno tome analizirani su utjecaju okoline na djelovanje sustava, odnosno analizirana je robusnost sustava uslijed pojave neočekivanih događaja uzrokovanih promjenama okoline

Initial Consideration of the Enterpriseness of the Undergraduate Students in Croatia

The article discusses the interplay between the enterpriseness and higher education. Current attitudes toward enterpriseness of the Croatian undergraduate students of mechanical engineering were collected partially with a questionnaire. The attitudes are analysed and their alignment with the general technology trends discussed

Ispitivanje osjetljivog barometarskog visinomjera

U današnje vrijeme nema učinkovitog, jednostavnog i pouzdanog uređaja za precizno određivanje trenutne visine leta malih bespilotnih letjelica. To je jedan od razloga zašto se kvadrotori i slične bespilotne letjelice ne mogu u većoj mjeri koristiti u stvarnoj okolini. U radu je opisana konstrukcija prototipa barometarskog visinomjera izrazito velike osjetljivosti mjerenja malih promjena visine. Doprinos nekih elemenata prototipa na osjetljivost mjerenja visine određena je statističkim planom pokusa. Planom pokusa obuhvaćeni su elementi: volumen osjetilne posude (A), promjer osjetnika za atmosferski tlak (B) i viskoznost kapljevine koja predstavlja granicu volumena osjetilne posude (C). Najveći utjecaj u pokusu pokazao je element C, a sljedeći po redu kombinacija elemenata B i C. Uzimajući u obzir uvjete provođenja pokusa, konstruirani prototip pokazao se dovoljno osjetljivim s obzirom na traženo razlučivanje promjena visine. Međutim, robusnost odabrane konstrukcije nije dovoljna za predviđenu primjenu. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata izdvojeni su smjerovi unapređivanja prototipa

Static Sensitivity of the Aerial Load Transport by Two Rotocopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Aerial load transport by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be performed either using a single UAV or using a group of cooperative UAVs. The latter option is assumed more reliable, yet more demanding regarding the control and required power, than the former one. This article theoretically evaluates power consumption for aerial load transport by the use of two UAVs and compares it with the power consumption in case of a single UAV. In all treated cases, we assume a stationary level flight. For the stated comparison the theoretical model for aerial load transport by two identical UAVs is formulated. Generic flight characteristics and UAVs characteristics are prescribed, and corresponding solutions of the model evaluated. Independent parameters of the model are masses of the UAVs and the load, as well as flight velocity. Variables in the model are vertical and horizontal distances between the UAVs. The emphasis is put on the available instantaneous power and sensitivity to occasional wind gusts. We extract intervals of the model parameters for which each of the two UAVs is less loaded than a UAV which solitary carries a load. The sensitivity to wind gusts is lesser in configurations in which one UAV carries most of the load while the other provides the additionally needed instantaneous power

The development of method for assessing the robustness and capability of the system of autonomous agents

Uporaba sustava autonomnih agenata uključuje brojne primjene u širokom spektru aktivnosti u kojima se nastoji izbjeći prisustvo ljudi. Pri tom je sustav cjelina složena od elemenata međusobno vezanih relacijama, koji ima određenu funkciju u okolini s kojom povezano mijenja iznose atributa. Element sustava je funkcionalno nedjeljiva cjelina. Kao takav može se sastojati od jednog ili više objekata opisanih unutarnjim relacijama. Pojedini element sustava karakteriziraju mjerljiva svojstva iskazana atributima. Relacija među elementima je kauzalnošću povezana promjena atributa. Ona se očituje tokom mase, energije i/ili informacije. Funkcija sustava je karakterističan/izdvojen način djelovanja sustava u okolini. Okolina je cjelina u fizičkom ili drugačije definiranom prostoru. Dijelovi okoline nisu uključeni u dijelove sustava. Atribut je mjerljivo svojstvo elementa sustava ili okoline. Može biti promjenjivo ili nepromjenjivo. Autonomni agenti su objekti koji samostalno i bez ljudske intervencije izvršavaju postavljeni zadatak uz određene moguće modifikacije i izvještavaju o tijeku djelovanja. Primjeri autonomnih agenata su atomi, molekule, zupčanici, spojnice, ljudi, životinje, virusi, kemijski elementi, strojevi, vozila, letjelice objekti, elektroni, protoni, neutroni, neuroni, trombociti, leukociti, krv, ljudski ili životinjski organi i drugo. U djelatnosti koje autonomni agenti obavljaju ulaze aktivnosti koje se smatra opasnim po ljude, iscrpljujućim ili dosadnim. Primjeri primjene autonomnih agenata su transport robe i ljudi između više lokacija, beskontaktna i nerazorna pretraga područja, praćenje prirodnih pojava, podvodna istraživanja, kontrola prometa, implementacija komunikacijskih mreža u nepovoljnim okruženjima i drugo. Težište ovog rada postavljeno je na prijenos tereta sustavom bespilotnih letjelica. Analiza problema provedena je na sustavu dvije identične letjelice koje prenose ovješeni teret. Za tako postavljeni sustav numeričkim simulacijama analizirane su nekoliko kvalitativno različite mogućnosti izvedbi sustava. Ovim radom prikazana su tri karakteristična slučaja prijenosa tereta. Prvi slučaj je prijenos relativno teškog tereta laganim letjelicama. Drugi slučaj je prijenos tereta mase usporedive s masom letjelica. Treći slučaj je prijenos relativno laganog tereta letjelicama identičnih masa. Svi navedeni slučajevi promatrani su za različite operativne režime rada sustava, odnosno za različite režime leta. Osim utjecaja mase tereta na sustav analizirano je i kako načini upravljanja djeluju na mogućnost izvršenja postavljenog zadatka, odnosno na sposobnost sustava za prijenos tereta. Sustav je analiziran u nekarakteriziranoj okolini. Sukladno tome analizirani su utjecaju okoline na djelovanje sustava, odnosno analizirana je robusnost sustava uslijed pojave neočekivanih događaja uzrokovanih promjenama okoline.The use of systems of autonomous agents cover numerous applications in a number of activities. Thus, the system of autonomous agents is composed of agents that are interconnected to each other so that the system acts in the envisaged way in the environment. Autonomous agents are objects that independently and without human intervention execute the task set with some possible modifications and report on the course of action. Examples of autonomous agents are stationary or mobile robots, sailboats, unmanned aerial vehicles, agents in a virtual environment, and other types of agents that perform a smaller number of simpler operations. Activities performed by autonomous agents involve activities that are considered dangerous to humans, exhausting or boring. Examples of the use of autonomous agents are transport of goods and people between multiple locations, contactless and irrational search of sites, monitoring of natural phenomena, underwater research, traffic control, implementation of communication networks in adverse environments, and so on. While operating, agents in such systems constantly measure certain parameters related to their states or to the state of their environment. A general accompanying characteristic of these measurements is that they are processed with statistical limitations in real time. The dynamics of the system of autonomous agents follows several essential problems. The first problem is the lack of ways to determine the ability of the autonomous agents system. It is not known which combinations of dynamic characteristics of autonomous agents can accomplish the required action and achieve the given goal. Another problem is the impossibility of determining the robustness of such a system of autonomous agents. The ability to comprehensively assess the robustness and ability of the system will help solve the above mentioned problems. The ability of the system is defined as the ratio of the required range and the implemented system characteristics. The system is considered capable if this ratio is large enough. Accordingly, from the ability assessment of the system based on agent parameters, it is possible to determine which combination of agents are needed to achieve the target. The system's robustness refers to the system and environment relationship and indicates systems whose performance does not change significantly for a particular change in the environment [1-3]. The general characteristics of research system of autonomous agents is their empirical character and incompleteness. This is why a relatively small number of examples of the use of autonomous agent systems in real situations. Agents are constantly measuring more than one size during work. Intermediate communication and measurements get additional sizes. Collected sizes need to be processed in real time with all statistical constraints. If the system's capacity is empirically determined, it is necessary to carry out multiple tests, with the combined cost of time and energy consumption on average with higher environmental pollution and consequently higher cost of research. Due to the disadvantages of the current approach to the problem there is no complete scientific assessment of the robustness and ability of the system. Numerical simulations are relatively little represented in the relevant literature, and the results are based on repeated attempts and errors. Some authors consider and define the application of agents at a general level with examples of application [4-10] while other authors concentrate on specific applications [11-15]. Dorigo et al., based their research on the development of Ant Colony Optimization algorithm [4-6]. The same researchers apply systems agents for modeling and optimizing different systems such as the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Continuous Optimization from Algorithmic Components [7] and solving the problem of a salesman traveler. In further research, the system of agents is applied to model a structured robotic group [8, 9]. Furthermore, they introduced Swarmanoid as a new concept in the application of a group of robots. They have developed hardware and software for the integration of different robots on the platform, i.e. the ability to join the group. The obtained compatibility of different robots enabled them to explore different coordination mechanisms and strategies in the heterogeneous group [10]. In the field of robotics research, Matarić applies a system of agents for the control and management of mobile robots in cooperative load transportation [11, 12]. Cooperative load loading was also investigated within the Aerial Robotics Cooperative Assembly system project. In the literature the authors focus on the construction and management of a group of mobile agents. Cooperative activities of the group were investigated by Mathew, Smith and Waslander and analyzed the ability of the group to deliver load. They analyzed cooperation between vehicle (truck) and unmanned aircraft (quad) in urban environment [13]. The path optimization was defined by the solution of the generalized problem of a salesman traveler. The activity of a group of autonomous agents to search and map the area was explored by Ducho et al. [16]. Co-operative activity of the group was also investigated by authors Hui et al. [15] and validated by Monte Carlo-simulation. Including consideration of capacity assessment system various authors [14, 17] apply Monte Carlo simulations [18] to validate realized modeled measurement uncertainty of the measuring system. The application of Markov's decision-making system to collective decision-making and collaboration between unmanned aerial vehicles was explored by Capitan et al. [19]. Interagency communication allows for self-organization in a dynamic environment, resulting in more stable navigation. The system is robust for errors in the operation of a smaller number of agents and is able to autonomously find the optimal path [20]. The scope of application of the system of agents system illustrates the exploration of natural phenomena such as the monitoring of wildlife migration by radio signals. In his research, Korner et al. use the unmanned aviation system to track migration on inaccessible terrains [21]. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles under such defined conditions ensures better connectivity, easier reading of signal strength, easier communication, faster locating of animals and easier recording of measured dimensions. In order to explore and map the areas due to the flood, Balta and his associates cite the cooperative application of unmanned aerial vehicles [22]. Except for soil surface research, agitation systems are also used in underwater research, so Sun et al. configure unmanned underwater vehicles as a system of agents [23]. The research has defined unmanned underwater vehicles system for underwater monitoring and avoidance of real-time obstacles. In most literature, systems are modeled, or empirically tested, as a group of agents. Thus, the starting quantities are defined for the individual agents and their averaging yields the size of the system. A qualitatively different approach is to use the size defined for the system, e.g. an interdisciplinary approach to socio-thermodynamic potentials [24, 25]. Analysis of the research area suggests that the determination of the ability of autonomous agent systems can be determined from the known dynamic characteristics of the agents and the characteristics of the environment in which the system operates. Taking into account the statistical measures associated with the characteristics of autonomous agents and the existing combination of set rules of communication as the input size, the question is how to in silico determine the ability of the system for a particular environment? Determining the system's ability to start up by setting the system model, which continues the numerical simulations of the set models. The ability to comprehensively assess the robustness and system abilities would remove the aforementioned drawbacks of the empirical approach and allow the operation of a larger number of systems in qualitatively different environments